Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-06
  • 2023-07
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • 2024-04

    • L-685,458 It was previously demonstrated that

    2022-12-02

    It was previously demonstrated that dissociation of the V-ATPase in response to glucose depletion in yeast requires an intact microtubular network [28] and a catalytically active enzyme [29]. Interestingly, mutations in the non-homologous region of the catalytic subunit A are able to block dissociation of the V-ATPase without altering catalytic activity [30]. In addition, dissociation of the V-ATPase is sensitive to the membrane environment in which the V-ATPase resides, with V-ATPase complexes present in the yeast vacuole but not the Golgi undergoing dissociation in response to glucose starvation [31]. Moreover, dissociation of the complex in the vacuole requires a sufficiently acidic vacuolar pH [30], which may ensure a sufficiently acidic vacuolar lumen, even under limiting nutrient conditions. Using a novel genetic screen to identify yeast mutants that are defective in dissociation of the V-ATPase in response to glucose depletion, we identified Ira2p as a protein whose absence results in constitutive assembly of the V-ATPase, even in the absence of glucose [13]. Ira2p is a Ras GAP that activates GTP hydrolysis by Ras, thus converting active, GTP-bound Ras to the inactive, GDP-bound form. The L-685,458 involvement of Ira2p in glucose-regulated assembly of the V-ATPase suggested the involvement of Ras, an important glucose-responsive signaling molecule in yeast. To test the involvement of Ras in this process, we next expressed a constitutively active form of Ras (Val19) in yeast and demonstrated that, like disruption of Ira2p, L-685,458 of constitutively active Ras maintains the V-ATPase in an assembled state, even in the absence of glucose [13]. An important downstream target of Ras in yeast is adenylate cylclase, which, when activated, increases the cellular levels of cAMP. Increased cAMP in turn increases protein kinase A (PKA) activity. PKA is a heterotetramer composed of two catalytic and two regulatory subunits, the latter encoded by the BCY1 gene. In yeast mutants in which BCY1 is deleted, the catalytic subunits of PKA are constitutively active. Our laboratory demonstrated that in bcy1Δ mutant yeast, which expresses high levels of PKA activity, V-ATPase assembly was again high, independent of the presence or absence of glucose [13]. Thus, activation of PKA by either disruption of Ira2p, expression of constitutively active Ras or constitutive activation of PKA by disruption of the BCY1 gene results in loss of regulated assembly of the V-ATPase in response to glucose availability [13]. Whether activation of PKA blocks dissociation or enhances assembly is unknown. It is also not known whether PKA maintains the pump in an assembled state through direct phosphorylation of a V-ATPase subunit or associated protein or whether there are additional signaling molecules between glucose-dependent activation of PKA and V-ATPase assembly. Interestingly, increased assembly has also been reported to increase PKA activity [32], suggesting the possibility that there is a positive feedback loop between V-ATPase assembly and PKA.
    Regulation of V-ATPase assembly in dendritic cells Dendritic cells function in the immune system by taking up foreign antigens, degrading them within lysosomes and presenting the peptide fragments on their surface in complex with MHC class II molecules [33]. Recognition of antigen-bound MHC complexes by T cells results in their stimulation to mount an immune response to the foreign pathogen. Because antigen processing occurs within lysosomes, it is dependent upon the V-ATPase to maintain the low lysosomal pH required for the activity of acid-dependent proteases involved in lysosomal protein breakdown. Exposure of dendritic cells to bacterial products, such as LPS, activates toll like receptors (TLRs) which leads to maturation of dendritic cells to become more active in antigen presentation. It was found that during LPS-stimulated maturation, increased assembly of the V-ATPase occurs, resulting in decreased lysosomal pH and increased protein degradation [34]. Dendritic cells can also be induced to achieve a semi-mature state by disruption of cell–cell contacts that normally occurs in the periphery [35]. In this semi-mature state, dendritic cells take up and process self-antigens, which suppress the immune response and are thus important in immune tolerance [36]. We recently demonstrated that increased V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification is also a characteristic of this semi-mature state of dendritic cells [14]. Moreover, increased assembly and activity of the V-ATPase is dependent upon both PI-3 kinase and mTORC1 (Fig. 2) [14]. The mechanism by which these important signaling molecules control V-ATPase assembly remains to be determined, although factors identified as interacting with the V-ATPase may be involved [37].