br Conclusions In order to expand Tsinghua from a

Conclusions In order to expand Tsinghua from a language training school to a higher educational institution, Zhou Yichun launched the construction of major buildings and facilities on campus including the Auditorium. Historiographically, it was not until the 1980s when the campus designs and construction of Tsinghua became a serious research subject, and so far existing research falls into three main groups. The first is historical survey of the site of Tsinghua based on archeological discovery in recent years, which traces the historical origins of the former royal gardens and their relations to a modern college. Second, scholars looked into the establishment of Tsinhgua and her development, with a research focus on the formation of cultural landscape of the school. Third, information such as architects, contractors, sources of construction materials have also been studied, and those on Henry Murphy is the most productive research of all. However, research on all three fronts on the research of Tsinghua׳s campus construction needs to be deepened and verified, especially for the last two. For example, no research on the intellectual origins or precedents is found, and no differentiation is made between the English model of planning campus and American one at the turn of the 20th century. When it comes to early construction on campus at Tsinghua, the following claim is oftentimes quoted without any doubt: “almost every aspect of Tsinghua College including curriculums, programs, textbooks, teaching methodologies, and not the least, facilities and buildings of all departments, are based on English and American models”. In fact, as Paul Turner has delicately elaborated, there is substantial difference between the campus planning of the two countries, not to mention trp channel of American campus designs and transformation in history. Regarding the central part of Tsinghua that includes the Auditorium, the lawn and flanking buildings, it is well-known that the Auditorium is a reduced imitation of the Rotunda of the University of Virginia, and the planning of the area a derivation from Academical Village. However, it remains largely unknown how or whether the two campuses are connected. Besides, no serious effort on pivotal figures such as Zhou Yichun, Zhao Guocai, C.E. Lane, Zhuang Jun amongst others can be found. Even research on Murphy deserves more work, though Murphy was the subject of some of the best work on modern Chinese architectural history. As such, painstaking archival work and comparative research in a global context will be two possible ways to deepen research of early campus planning and construction at Tsinghua.
Introduction There have been accumulated research interests on the therapeutic effects of nature since 1970s in western countries. Research evidences have explained how and why natural views and landscape sceneries ease people′s pressure and change their mood from various perspectives, including medical geography (Gesler, 2003), environmental psychology (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1992; Ulrich, 1984, 1999), ecological psychology (Vries, 2010; Moore and Cosco, 2010), and horticultural therapy (Detweiler, et al., 2012; Söderback et al., 2004). The once disappeared courtyards in hospitals revives in the early 1990s accompanied by the increasing research interest of therapeutic landscapes/healing gardens in the United States. Researches on this topic in western countries have a great impact on China.
Theories and terminology of therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens in the western countries There has been a long tradition to view nature as “healer” in different cultures. Garden for the ill first appears in Europe during the Middle ages, with monastic hospitals providing enclosed vegetation gardens with an earnest wish for the spiritual transformation of patients (Gerlach-Spriggs et al., 1998). The therapeutic effects of nature to improve patients′ recovery has been, for the first time, precisely written and published by Florence Nightingale in Notes on Nursing in 1860. She believes that visual connections to nature, such as natural scenes through window and bedside flowers, aid the recovery of patients (Nightingale, 1863).