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  • br Drying experiments br Analysis of drying experiments

    2018-10-29


    Drying experiments
    Analysis of drying experiments
    Conclusions Drying experiments at different drying temperatures (60, 75, and 90°C) were carried out to examine the relationship between tile exfoliation and the moisture content of a tiled concrete sample. The following results were obtained from the drying experiments. Additionally, a three-dimensional analysis of simultaneous heat and moisture transport was carried out to estimate the moisture content distribution inside the concrete sample and its time profile under different drying conditions. Regarding the average volumetric moisture content of the whole sample, the calculated results are in good agreement with the measured values. Furthermore, from the calculated results of the moisture content distribution, it can be estimated as follows: From these results, at least, the volumetric moisture content must be higher than 0.033m3/m3 in order to avoid tile exfoliation.
    Introduction In recent years, researchers have increasingly become interested in housing promotion as a means of public housing delivery, especially in developing countries (Tipple, 1991, 1999, 2000,; Salama, 1995; Shiferaw, 1998; Salim, 1998; Tipple and Salim, 1999; Tipple et al., 2000; Sueca, 2003; Sheuya, 2009; Diang\'a and Hayangah, 2011). Such studies have generally focused on government-provided houses in formally planned residential areas to inform policy makers on the modifications and transformations implemented by users over time. These transformations are frequently documented through key data collection methods that include “observations, measurements and sketches of house layout plans showing situations before and after the transformations, still pictures, in-depth interviews and focused group discussions” (Sheuya, 2009, p. 86). Such transformations generally denote dysfunction or dissatisfaction by the occupants of the houses. The changes applied by the residents were instrumental in documenting and forecasting changing trends in the housing needs of future occupants in the areas studied. Although similar cases in Nigeria have been reported (Arimah, 1999; Aduwo, promotion 2011), little attention has comparatively been paid to unoccupied or unmodified abandoned units.
    Historical and cultural background of the Tangale community The Tangale people originated from the Middle East in Yemen in the 12th to 13th centuries, and migrated in stages through the old Borno Empire where they intermingled and later separated from other neighboring tribes (Gwani, 1999). After long sojourns, they settled in the Tangale hills, North East Nigeria partly for security during periods of frequent inter-tribal wars. Tangale settlements, compounds, and farmlands are traditionally organized into seven clans, namely Tangaltong, Tal, Kalmai, Banganje, Tanglang, Todi, and Nathe, on the basis of a strong social kinship network. This arrangement was advantageous in securing organized labor — the main occupation of the people — for activities such as building, hunting, and farming. A clan head represented each clan at special councils presided by the Mai, ruler of the Tangale community. The arrival of British colonials and the presence of Islamic tradesmen and Christian missionaries in Nigeria at the turn of the 20th Century paved the way for the incursion of trading and new building forms (Maina, 2012b). Notable was the introduction of rectilinear forms, concrete, and corrugated iron sheets in buildings. In 1948, the community relocated northwards to the surrounding plains toward Billiri and its neighborhoods. This move provided ample opportunity for experimentation with the new forms and materials. By 1960, when the country was granted independence, public infrastructure and community welfare became the responsibility of the government. This period witnessed the provision of tarmac roads, free education, electricity, water supply, and public housing across many communities, including Tangale land. These events prompted the adoption of four housing typologies in the community (Maina, 2012b), including traditional compounds that comprise round mud huts, as well as a hybrid of mud huts and rectilinear rooms. The latter constitute the vast majority of the community sample chosen for this study. Other typologies include rectilinear rooms and houses constructed entirely in concrete, as well as the latest freestanding bungalows, which have been accorded an elitist status by the community.