In our study we first obtained a panel

In our study, we first obtained a panel of anti-pre-S antibodies, including one antibody highly specific for pre-S1 domain, and one specific for pre-S2 domain. We also harvested an antibody that could efficiently recognize the LHBs, and evaluated it’s clinical application. Of our recruited 537 patients, positive rate of LHBs (57.91%) in 137 HBeAg-positive HBV patients was similar to that of HBV DNAin 430 HBeAg-negative HBV patients. Our results also showed that the LHB test had a clinical application for monitoring the purchase Cy5.5 hydrazide of HBV in support of the HBV DNA examination. In our follow-up study, we found that levels of LHBs and HBV DNA both declined during Adefovir treatment, although hat of LHBs declined later than HBV DNA seroconversion. Our result was consistent with Chen Xiaoming’s study on lamivudine-treated patients in which antiviral drugs inhibit HBV DNA replication instead of gene transcription while HBV continues to secrete granules without DNA. Meanwhile, the quantity of subviral particles is 10000-fold higher than that of Dane granules. Consequently, the level of LHBs decline later than that of HBV DNA dose. The clinical manifestation is that HBV DNA is seroconverted, while LHBs persist. Since LHBs have trans-activating functions, residual LHBs indicate continual replication or chronic persistent infection. Our follow-up studies also showed that only LHB-converted patients displayed HBV DNA seroconvertion. Furthermore, the longer the LHBs persisted during antiviral treatment, the fewer the chances were of having HBV DNA converted. Since LHBs are closely involved in viral replication due to their trans-activation function, increasing attention has been paid to their roles in monitoring the effectiveness of antiviral treatments as a therapeutic index. According to the latest research, when transgenic mice are treated with interferon, the level of accumulated LHBs decreased in liver cells, and liver cell ground glass was improved. This suggests that the decreased level of LHBs was related to the effectiveness of the therapy. In conclusion, the HBV DNA index alone is not enough for clinically monitoring viral replication and observing therapeutic effects. Examination of LHBs, which have both trans-activation ability and direct liver cell toxicity, should be used as a supplement.
Introduction A mammary gland is an organ in female mammals that produces milk. The basic components of a mature mammary gland are the lobule and ducts formed by epithelial cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells. The interaction between epithelial cells and their surrounding stroma involves in the development of mammary epithelial cell and cancer progression. The stroma is composed of a given type of ECM, called basement membrane (BM), and interglandular vascular/fibroadipose tissues. The mammary BM contains collagen IV and Laminin-111, Laminin-332, Laminin-511, Laminin-521. Fibronectins and tenascins also can be detected in the mammary stoma. At the interface between the epithelium and stroma, various ECM are dynamically expressed. Collagen I is abundant around larger mammary ducts, but sparse around growing endbuds or lobules. Conversely, laminin is abundant near growing endbuds and around lobules, and less around large ducts. There are a wide variety of receptors for BM proteins in the mammary gland epithelial cells including integrins and some non-integrin receptors such as dystroglycan, syndecan, galactosyl transferase. The extracellular matrix (ECM) not only helps to support mammary basic structure, but also serves as a communicating bridge between mammary epithelia and their local and global environment throughout this organ\'s development. Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in females worldwide. Extracellular matrix as an important component of tumor microenvironment plays critical roles in breast cancer development and progression. In this review, we discuss recent findings of ECM roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression.