All subjects were categorized into

All subjects were categorized into male group and female group. The results showed a significant increase in FPG and HbA1c in male by comparing with female. Lam et al. 2014 also reported a significant increase in FPG in male, but no significant differences were found in HbA1c between male and female. In addition, the percentage of male diagnosed as diabetes was higher than that of female diagnosed as diabetes, it was demonstrated that the morbidity of diabetes in male was higher than that in female. According to CDC 2011 criteria, the data were further classified into four age groups and then categorized into normal, borderline and diabetic group. The results displayed that the percentage of subjects detected as diabetes in age group≥75 (60%) was about 6 times higher than that of patients under the age of 45 (10.2%). Lam et al. 2014 demonstrated that the percentage of subjects detected as diabetes in age group≥75 (66.7%) was about 3 times higher than that of patients under the age of 45 (17%) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for percentage of Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Population with Diagnosed Diabetes, by Age in the United States (1980–2010) also reported that the percentage of subjects detected as diabetes in age group≥75(20.1%) was about 11 times higher than that of patients under the age of 45 (1.8%). Those studies were in consistent with what was reported. This study showed that the incidence rate of diabetes progressed with increasing age, therefore, people in Hong Kong should pay attention to their eating habit, life style and also should keep monitoring their HbA1c levels. Due to the limitations of this study, we did not determine the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c and FPG tests. True health and true diabetes could not be identified in this study because the data was consecutively selected from a database of a HOKLAS laboratory. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is another method for the detection of diabetes. It can detect the impaired recommended you read tolerance which is a pre-diabetes condition that FPG may ignore. OGTT could be used to identify the true health and true diabetes in further investigation.
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
New-generation label-free technologies such as terahertz spectroscopy enable high sensitivity analyzing capabilities with low sample consumption, low damage to analytes Detection techniques have gone through tremendous innovative developments in recent decades. As early as 1959, Yalow and Berson combined radioactive elements labeling techniques with immunochemistry to analyze serum insulin for the first time. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the radioactive elements were replaced by enzymes, fluorescent dyes, and luminescent agents. Nowadays, labeling techniques mainly includes fluorescent labeling, isotopic labeling, chemo-luminescent labeling, electrochemically active probe labeling, and Nanoparticle labeling. The labeling analysis has become an important research method in laboratory medicine. However, the labeling process is inherently time-consuming, which can unavoidably alter the intrinsic properties of analytes. To solve the difficulties mentioned above, label-free techniques have been popularly studied. Based on the molecular biophysical properties (e.g., refractive index, molecular weight and molecular charge), label-free methods have unique advantages, such as high sensitivity, small working volumes, low damage to analytes and easy on-chip integrations. Label-free techniques mainly include spectroscopy technology (e.g., Terahertz spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectra), biochip, quartz crystal microbalance (QCR), and mass spectrometry (MS).
Terahertz radiation provides an innovative label-free technique, possessing unique sensing ability with noninvasive and nonionizing properties Terahertz radiation (THz, 1THz=1012Hz) is kind of electromagnetic waves with frequency band from 0.1 to 10THz. Terahertz radiation is a new type of far-infrared coherent radiation source, which falls in between infrared region and microwave region. In recent years, the biomedical application of THz technologies have developed a new discipline named terahertz biomedicine (THz-Biomed) with Terahertz laboratory medicine (THz-Labmed) as the core components of THz-Biomed.