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  • In this regard phenolic compounds were

    2018-10-25

    In this regard, phenolic compounds were confirmed by measuring the phenolic and flavonoid content in crude extract and attached in nanoparticles. The total phenolic content of synthesized BCAgNPs was found to be 16.6 ± 0.7 μg of GAE/mg as compared to BC extract (158.05 ± 2.14 μg of GAE/mg) phenol content. BCAgNPs were evaluated for bound flavonoid content (3.99 ± 0.53 μg of QE/mg). In our study, 15.46 ± 0.87 μg of QE/mg flavonoid content were observed in the BC extract (Fig. 4). Rajkumar et al. [10] found 38% phenolic content in BC extract. Due to the presence of aromatic rings, phenolic and flavonoids are nucleophilic in nature, hence, responsible for the chelating potential [28]. Binding of these compounds with metal is further confirmed by measuring their content in nanoparticles. It is also evident from the above results that compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids are also involved in nanoparticles formation as indicated by the lower amount of phenolic and flavonoids measured in particles. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity results showed the effective free radical % scavenging potential of BCAgNPs, BC extract as 59.31% and 51.29% respectively (Fig. 5). Nanoparticles showed the enhanced scavenging activity with the increase in DPPH scavenging potential of chitosan and torolex coated gold nanoparticles [29], silver nanoparticles, selenium, platinum [30] have been reported. Uddin et al. [26], have found the DPPH% scavenging activity of B. ciliata methanolic extract up to 31%. Further, BCAgNPs and BC extract were assessed for the antioxidant activity where BCAgNPs showed higher total antioxidant activity compared to extract. Antioxidant potential was expressed as ascorbic Bisindolylmaleimide V equivalent (AAE). Nanoparticles and crude extract showed total antioxidant activity as 60.48 ± 2.2 and 38.8 ± 1.08 AAE respectively (Fig. 5). Dipankar and Murugan [31] have reported the enhanced antioxidant and biological activities of silver nanoparticles of Iresine herbstii. Brine shrimp cytotoxic activities of any plant extract determine their different pharmacological properties [32]. In this study, four different concentrations; 11.11, 33.33, 100 and 300 μg/ml of synthesized nanoparticles and BC extract were used to find their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay. LD50 value of BC methanolic extract was found up to 83.57 μg/ml (Table 1). The lowered LD50 value suggested the cytotoxic nature of BCAgNPs compared to BC extract. This enhanced cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles having LD50 of 33.92 μg/ml to brine shrimp revealing the presence of toxic constituents. Cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles towards shrimp\'s larvae can linked with anticancer activity and nanoparticles could be alternative source of anticancer drugs [33]. These days much attention is being given metallic nanoparticles their anticancer activity. The toxicological study of BC extract with reference to intracutaneous toxicity and acute systematic toxicity in experimental animal models showing toxic nature of this plant. The toxicity of this plant and the mechanism of action cannot be explained until unequivocal identification of its constituents [34]. Broad spectrum antibacterial activities of B. ciliata root and leaves extracts has been reported [9]. The higher zones of inhibition of BCAgNPs (zone of inhibition 7.5–11 mm) were observed compared to BC extract (Table 2). In present study BCAgNPs were found to have higher antibacterial activities comparative to BC extracts. A study Bisindolylmaleimide V carried out by Reddy et al. [35] reported the enhanced antibacterial activity of green synthesized nanoparticles using Piper longum compared to the extract support our results. Zargar et al. [16], have reported the antibacterial activities of silver and gold nanoparticles. Weakening DNA replication and inactivation proteins are the mechanism behind antibacterial activity of metallic nanoparticles [36]. Bacterial resistance against existing drugs has led to severe health concerns throughout the world. There is need to anticipate and develop potent antibiotic agents against multidrug resistant microbes [37]. The use of colloidal silver used as antibacterial agent can be traced from ancient Greece [38].