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  • br Acknowledgements This work has been supported by TSTAR

    2022-06-27


    Acknowledgements This work has been supported by TSTAR USDA and Florida Citrus Advanced Technology Program Grants to D.B., C.P and R.S. One of us (D.B.) is an established scientist fellow at the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-AC05-06OR23100. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. We thank Dr. Lapointe at the USDA Ft. Pierce FL, for providing us with a photograph of the digestive tract of larval D. abbreviatus.
    Introduction Oral cancer (OC) is increasing at an alarming rate and it CGS 35066 australia is the 11th most common cancer in the world. Out of this large number, two-third cases are recorded in developing countries and late diagnosis is considered as the major cause of such higher incidence (Parkin et al., 2005). Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious, chronic, progressive precancerous condition of the oral cavity and oropharynx with a high degree of malignant potentiality. A significant number of this precancerous condition converts into Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), the rate being about 7.6% (Aziz, 1997). Though the aetiology of this disease is not well understood but correlation has been observed with different addictive oral habits in conjunction with malnutrition and genetic predispositions (Paul et al., 2005). Presently, the diagnosis of OSF, largely resides on qualitative histopathological evolutions techniques leading to a possibility of variation in diagnosis from expert to expert depending upon their acumen. Specific well-accepted quantitative evaluation procedure is still elusive. Recent epidemiological data indicates that, the number of cases of OSF has raised rapidly in India from an estimated 250,000 cases in 1980 to 2 million cases in 1993 (Ranganathan et al., 2004). The reasons for the rapid increase of the disease are reported to be due to an upsurge in the popularity of commercially prepared areca nut preparations (pan masala) in India and an increased uptake of this habit by young people (Gupta et al., 1998) due to easy access, effective price changes and marketing strategies. Chewing of tobacco with betel quid increases the concentrations of carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines and reactive oxygen species in mouth (Nair et al., 1992) As an early sign of damage to oral mucosa, tobacco smokers and chewers often develop precancerous lesions such as leukoplakia and submucosal fibrosis. Histopathologically, OSF is characterized by the submucosal deposition of fibrous collagen, reduction in vascularity of the connective tissue having infiltration with variable numbers of chronic inflammatory cells (Neville et al., 2005). Epithelial changes include subepithelial vesicles in early lesions and hyperparakeratosis with marked epithelial atrophy in older lesions (Neville et al., 2005). Overlying epithelium-depicting changes in the thickness, as well as cell population and their orientation, variation in the length and contour of the rete-ridges and some features of chronic inflammation. In a significant number of OSF cases different degrees of dysplastic changes are also noticed (Rajendran and Sivapathasundharam, 2006). It is opined by the researchers that in carcinogenesis the degrees of freedom of a cell is reduced; all that is important in this situation is ‘to divide and to survive’. This decreased ability to induce self-organized response and the reduction of the cell system to elementary stem functions represents a loss of cellular control, which is demonstrated by cytological features such as dysplasia and anaplasia, moreover, the said cytological features of carcinogenesis may show unique geometric properties and may serve as a good complementary value in tumor grading (Sdivy, 1999).