• Although many factors influence the effects

  2022-12-14

  

  Although many factors influence the effects of medications, during recent years it has become evident that genetic factors could explain the differences between individuals in drug response. These differences are due to variants in genes encoding drug targets [8]. The challenge for pharmacogenetics

• The advantage of active immunotherapy is

  2022-12-14

  

  The advantage of active immunotherapy is long-term antibody production from short-term drug administration at limited cost. Conversely, immune response may be inconsistent or lacking, especially in older individuals, and adverse reactions—if immunologically based—may also be long-lasting. Initial ex

• It has been recognized for decades that neurons in the

  2022-12-13

  

  It has been recognized for decades that neurons in the mammalian central nervous system may release both a fast-acting, typically amino acid derived neurotransmitter such as glutamate or GABA, and a second peptidergic neuromodulatory molecule such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, or cholecystokinin.

• Even within the context of evidence based

  2022-12-13

  

  Even within the context of evidence-based interventions for tobacco screening, the science is imperfect. For example, patients who screen positive for current smoking should receive cessation counseling and prescribed known effective nicotine replacement therapy based on the Public Health Services G

• br AD and COX LOX pharmacology

  2022-12-13

  

  AD and COX/5-LOX pharmacology Early studies on the role of cyclooxygenases in AD were inspired by epidemiological data suggesting that COX inhibitors such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could be beneficial in AD patients (Lucca et al., 1994, McGeer et al., 1990). This line of re

• Various cardiovascular diseases show a high

  2022-12-13

  

  Various cardiovascular diseases show a high occurrence of autophagosomes. Whereas basal autophagy is required for the proper functioning of cardiomyocytes [82], the deletion of Atg5 gene in myocardium shows a high risk of cardiomyopathy [83]. Hamacher et al. observed that an upregulation of Bnip3, a

• Introduction Lipoxygenases LOXs are key enzymes that catalyz

  2022-12-13

  

  Introduction Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are key enzymes that catalyze the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidic (-)-Huperzine A (AA), linoleic acid (LA) and others unsaturated fatty acids (Brash, 1999). LOXs are expressed in immune, neural, epithelial, tumor cells and other cells (Claess

• Significant reductions in GYN cancer patient mortality and m

  2022-12-13

  

  Significant reductions in GYN cancer patient mortality and morbidity rates require treatments that proactively prevent and reverse resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Combining chemotherapy and radiation with inhibitors of key DDR proteins targets is likely to enhance the ability of genotoxic

• LB Broth, Miller The following are the supplementary data

  2022-12-13

  

  The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Competing interest Ethics approval and consent to participate Authors' contributions Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. D. R. Kaplan for kind advice and materials derived from NB primary cell lines, Dr. F. D. Miller f

• Expression subcellular localization transcriptional activity

  2022-12-13

  

  Expression, subcellular localization, transcriptional activity and protein stability of Foxo are regulated by proteins such as STAT3, PKB, JNK and AMPK (Sun et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2011). STAT3 is a member of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family that plays c

• Dual acting RAAS blockade and

  2022-12-13

  

  Dual-acting RAAS blockade and neprilysin inhibition has been evaluated in several clinical HF trials. In PARADIGM-HF [6,7], LCZ696 was superior to enalapril in reducing mortality and HF hospitalizations in symptomatic patients with HF with reduced EF. Augmented benefits on maladaptive cardiac remode

• Complementing the effects of ARB

  2022-12-13

  

  Complementing the effects of ARB and ACEI on HDL capacity to elicit cholesterol efflux, HDL of ARB- and ACEI-treated groups significantly lessened macrophage production of superoxide (Fig 2). As with efflux, there was no difference in this effect between the ARB and ACEI groups. These data are inter

• Kim et al found that hydroxydopamine

  2022-12-13

  

  Kim et al. (2013) found that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) promoted the atrophy of dopaminergic neurons associated with the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), the translocation of apoptosis inductor factor (AIF) and the depletion of ATP. An increase in p-AMPK and pS6K (upstream kinase o

• br Introduction AMPA receptors AMPARs mediate the

  2022-12-13

  

  Introduction AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the Flavin adenine dinucleotide mg (Jonas, 2000). The brevity of EPSCs and rapid deactivation of AMPARs depend upon a short lifetime of synaptically released glutamate, estimated to be a

• br Regulation of BCAA catabolism

  2022-12-13

  

  Regulation of BCAA catabolism The BCAA catabolic system is equipped in mammalian cells to dispose of excess BCAAs, presumably resulting in relatively stable concentrations of BCAAs in blood and tissues in humans. The main BCAA catabolic pathway is localized in the mitochondria of all tissues. The

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